The culprit was the HylaFAX faxsetup script. I don't recall
exactly what happened, but at one point I had exited the
script using the CTRL-C key. When faxsetup was run again,
it completely removed the /tmp directory.
Faxsetup contains a variable TMPDIR which is used to
refer to a temporary storage directory. This is a bad
choice because a system variable TMPDIR already exists.
On my system, TMPDIR = /tmp, and somehow, when faxsetup
was restarted, the value of this variable was retained.
Because this directory is removed by faxsetup, my entire
/tmp directory was deleted.
The name of this variable should be changed to TEMPDIR
or TEMP or something else that will not conflict with
the already present TMPDIR system variable.